Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay 1.Explain the different forms of child abuse? Include Shaken Baby Syndrome in your response. The four different forms of child abuse are physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse is violence that is directed toward a child or an adolescent by a parent, adult, or guardian. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is an even more severe form of physical abuse that can be very dangerous if not deadly. Shaken Baby Syndrome is when a baby or a small child is shaken in such a violent way that there is damage to their bones, organs, brain, or even enough damage to cause death. Emotional abuse is when a child feels worthless or rejected to the acts of another adult or guardian but is not physically harmed. Sexual abuse is when someone is sexually explicit towards a child, shows a child pornography, or if a person’s genitals are exposed to a child. Neglect is when a parent is neglectful to a child. This is when the parent doesn’t put their child in school, doesn’t feel, clothe, or clean a child, or to fail to care for their child’s needs. 2.What types of physical care must a parent provide for an infant child? For an infant child, a parent must provide ALL of their child’s physical needs such as being bathed, changing their diapers, dressing and feeding their child, etc. 3.What are some strategies for helping a child cope with stress? Some strategies for helping a child cope with stress are to communicate with the child, learning what creates the stress for the child and help them figure out ways to cope with what creates the stress, create a stable and free of violence home environment for the child, and to not take your frustrations out on your child.

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Jack the Ripper and the murders of Whitechapel is a mystery that still plagues the world today. Even after hundreds of years, no one has been able to decipher who the Ripper really was. Jack the Ripper was and is an unsolved mystery. It is important however, for people to be informed of what happened in those dark days, even if they do not know who the killer was (Biography 1). Though there were several other serial killers before Jack the ripper, he was the first one to get the attention from the media. At the time he was murdering, newspapers were beginning to become a big deal so word out fairly quickly. Because of the press coverage, more people were aware of and invested in the case (Casebook 1). During time of the murders, several different police forces were involved, including something similar to a neighborhood watch. Anyone who looked remotely suspicious was questioned. Of all of the people investigated, the first to be talked to were the doctors and the butchers, mainly due to the way the Ripper handled the women. Sadly, no one was ever officially charged with the murders (Whitechapel 1). Jack the Ripper was one of the few serial killers that were never caught. Because of that, there are still people today who try to solve the age old case. There are only five proven murders, though people suspect he killed up to eight women. One of the things that made Jack the Ripper so mysterious was the fact that his victims had very little in common with one another. Usually serial killers will have a certain type of victim, but not the Ripper. All of the victims of the Ripper were of different ages and appearances. The only thing the girls had in common was their occupation of prostitution and a love of alcohol (... ...oaxes (Casebook 4). Although officials never figured out who the Ripper was, there were people they suspected, such as an assistant schoolmaster named John Druitt. Druitt is considered a suspect because he committed suicide right after the murders were committed. However, that is the only link police forces were able to find linking the two. Sources outside of the police force claimed that Druitt committed suicide because he was fired from the school for homosexuality, though that wasn’t ever proven (Whitechapel 4). Another commonly accepted suspect is George Chapman, who moved to the UK just before the murders began. Chapman was sentenced to death in 1903 for the murder of three of his wives. What keeps some people from believing he was responsible for the Ripper murders is the fact that he had poisoned his wives rather than using a knife (Whitechapel 4). Essay -- Jack the Ripper and the murders of Whitechapel is a mystery that still plagues the world today. Even after hundreds of years, no one has been able to decipher who the Ripper really was. Jack the Ripper was and is an unsolved mystery. It is important however, for people to be informed of what happened in those dark days, even if they do not know who the killer was (Biography 1). Though there were several other serial killers before Jack the ripper, he was the first one to get the attention from the media. At the time he was murdering, newspapers were beginning to become a big deal so word out fairly quickly. Because of the press coverage, more people were aware of and invested in the case (Casebook 1). During time of the murders, several different police forces were involved, including something similar to a neighborhood watch. Anyone who looked remotely suspicious was questioned. Of all of the people investigated, the first to be talked to were the doctors and the butchers, mainly due to the way the Ripper handled the women. Sadly, no one was ever officially charged with the murders (Whitechapel 1). Jack the Ripper was one of the few serial killers that were never caught. Because of that, there are still people today who try to solve the age old case. There are only five proven murders, though people suspect he killed up to eight women. One of the things that made Jack the Ripper so mysterious was the fact that his victims had very little in common with one another. Usually serial killers will have a certain type of victim, but not the Ripper. All of the victims of the Ripper were of different ages and appearances. The only thing the girls had in common was their occupation of prostitution and a love of alcohol (... ...oaxes (Casebook 4). Although officials never figured out who the Ripper was, there were people they suspected, such as an assistant schoolmaster named John Druitt. Druitt is considered a suspect because he committed suicide right after the murders were committed. However, that is the only link police forces were able to find linking the two. Sources outside of the police force claimed that Druitt committed suicide because he was fired from the school for homosexuality, though that wasn’t ever proven (Whitechapel 4). Another commonly accepted suspect is George Chapman, who moved to the UK just before the murders began. Chapman was sentenced to death in 1903 for the murder of three of his wives. What keeps some people from believing he was responsible for the Ripper murders is the fact that he had poisoned his wives rather than using a knife (Whitechapel 4).

Law and Legal Instrumentalism

Law, a set of coherent rules and values within a society, is a human process. As such, it is crucial to approach its application within society in a pragmatic and realistic sense rather than a formal one, which views law as a set of mechanical and abstract principles. A legal realist approach on law takes into account extra-legal factors which help shape how law is used within a social context. This approach does not view the discipline of law as a literal set of principles to be formally detected and applied, but recognizes that the interpretation of law by legal actors is manipulated by situational factors.BrianTamanaha in Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law examines how law, originally understood as an â€Å"instrumental to serve the social good†, is now just a mere instrument to further the goals and agendas of those who have access in its use (Tamanaha, 4). In essence, the notion of a common â€Å"social good† is no longer a qualifiable condition of law. In a complex, multi-faceted society, it is optimistic to presume that there is a true identifiable social good. Thus, lawyers, legislatures, judges and other legal actors are capable of using law to further their personal or collective political, social and economic interests.Tamanaha examines the ways in which legal actors, specifically cause litigants and judges, instrumentally exercise law. Thus, the term instrumentalism, a form of legal realism, is a pragmatic method which stems away from a formal application of law by critically examining cause litigation and judicial activism. Although law may be used as a mechanism to achieve a certain outcome, it is not used lawlessly and without merit as lawyers are advocating for a broad social cause and judges use law based on the merits of the constitution, given the benefit of time and postulated reason of their decision making.Brown, a case regarding segregation within the United States emerged with lawyers stirring up lawsuits b y informing African American citizens of their legal rights (Tamanaha 159). The process of instigating litigation was previously prohibited in common law practice; it was not professionally ethical for lawyers to set lawsuits in motion. However, it became increasingly common for lawyers to achieve change in public policy and legislation by fighting for a specific cause within the judicial arena. This ethod was forward-looking in that the courts became a battle field for interest groups seeking remedial change; the decision of the law was not necessarily to compensate for any harm inflicted in the past, but to change the policy in the future. This expansion from the traditional bilateral litigation no longer was to award the affected parties with compensation, but became a method to attain a reformative decree (Tamanaha 161). Eventually, cause litigation was an encouraged means to advance societal goals, in the sectors of environment protection, political reform and mental health, to name a few (Tamanaha 160).Although such issues of public policy appear to benefit society as a whole, the intent of the cause lawyers who instigate such legal actions is questionable to Tamanaha. The lawyers in these situations are no longer amoral technicians of law, but individuals who seek their own ideological implementation (Tamanaha 156). The cause which lawyers strive towards becomes the primary concern, whereas the clients themselves are secondary, fulfilling the standing requirement before the court (Tamanaha 156).This can be very detrimental to the clients because they may not be aware of the consequences of their legal actions. For instance, Baehr v. Lewin, 1993 was a successful lawsuit brought forth to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii. Although the litigants won, the ultimate consequence was detrimental; following it was a series of amendments nation-wide which prohibited same-sex marriage (Tamanaha 167). The battlefield within the court became not a place to determ ine legal rights, but a remedial catalyst in public policy. Such political battles focus on adversarial ideologies rather than legal rules and merit.However, the work of cause litigants cannot be narrowly categorized as one that is purely self-serving. More often than not, cause lawyers instigate lawsuits by informing the oppressed and disadvantaged of their rights. By doing so, they use law to encourage political change to the otherwise uninformed public. These causes often grow to become social movements as it â€Å"provides the basis for a sustained series of interactions between power holders and persons successfully claiming to speak on behalf of a constituency lacking formal representation (Austin 2)†. This formal epresentation demands change from the power holders with a strong backing of social support. Often, these groups lack the resources and skills which lawyers can provide, offering their advice to enlighten the marginalized group to â€Å"initiate and nurture p olitical mobilization† (Austin 4). The instrumental use of law by judges is immensely threatening to the judicial system and to a democratic society as a whole. Judges who use law to achieve a certain outcome undermines the rule of law. The legal system requires that judges be objective arbitrators of the law.As independent bodies, it is essential that they remain impartial in their decision making and delegate based on rule, and not personal preferences (Tamanaha 227). This is a crucial aspect of the rule of law, which binds the action of the state to pre-fixed rules, placing judges equal under and before the law, just as all other subjects of society. The rule of law ensures transparency and predictability which prevents the government from ruling coercively. It is an essential component to a democratic state.However, when judges decide a cases, they may be inclined to achieve a particular result. In essence, they are using laws to achieving another end, namely one that stre ngthens their own ideological beliefs and interests. Whether it is a certain political philosophy or a particular social policy which they seek, arbitrarily decided cases and manipulated law enforcement defeats the characteristics of the judicial branch of the state. Because there is no particular hierarchy of values, judges are able to promote some while extinguishing others.The general terms of legal rules allows judges to focus on the consequences of their decision. Their decisions will naturally be based on their political affiliations or ideological tendencies. Consequently, it is difficult to believe that judges are truly impartial in decision making. The result of judicial activism is that private attitudes become public law (Tamanaha 234). Furthermore, the procedural process of the case takes a backwards approach; the decision is made first, then it is justified by the legal rules which judges find applicable (Tamanaha 236)Nevertheless, there is a certain form of procedure w hich judges are bound to. Although values are not ranked hierarchically, there are two forms of rights obtained from the constitution: specified rights and secondary rights (Bork 17). The latter is of utmost importance as it addresses the values held by the constitution, such as the right to vote or procedures in criminal processing, all which the courts need to protect (Bork 17). The former alludes to the principled rules which the original framers of the text intended to convey (Bork 17).Because constitutional law does not have a concrete theoretical premise on which adjudicators are required to base their decision making processes on, they are founded on neutral principles. That is, issues are addressed based on general principles postulated on reason to ensure that conflicting values are not lawlessly chosen over one another (Bork 2). Granted, there are adversaries in the legal principles to which judges ascribe. Therefore, it is critical for the judges to recognize that in deci ding cases, they are setting legal precedent, and therefore should have a firm belief that the values being applied are done so lawfully.These beliefs are in relation to the legal system as a whole, not their personal preferences (Bork 2). Ultimately, Bork’s concern lies not with the decisions made by judges but what makes their decisions legitimate. The courts essentially work as advocates for the minority who otherwise would have no say on the issue at hand. Helping the powerless realize their rights is a form of advocacy that judges take. It is not about undermining the rule of law, but giving opportunity to access the law (Bork 3).Nevertheless, it is crucial for judges to base their decisions off of neutral principles; just as principles and values cannot be applied lawlessly, they just the same cannot be defined lawlessly (Bork 8). The critical examination of judicial review goes beyond it’s obvious implications and expositions of undermining the rule of rule. It is unfair to presume that judges are completely unreasoned in their decision making. There is a level of predictability as judges are bound to legal precedent and cannot decide cases in an tyrannical manner.Although the courts are not elected officials who are granted the power to delegitimize legislation, they are in many ways better equipped in making such decisions. For instance, the courts are distanced from political or social pressure allows them to make sound decisions in a timely matter. Elected officials tend to act on expediency and pressure when it comes to making value-based decisions (Bickel 25). Essentially, they are inclined towards one side of the issue in order to appeal to the interest of the predominate voters, as opposed to abiding to the fundamental values of law (Bickel 25).Judges on the other hand make decisions far from societal pressures, with more leeway in terms of time. This gives the courts the ability to make more calculated decisions, taking into consi deration not only the fundamental values of the state but also the unforeseen implications of a decision. (Bickel 26) In dealing with the pith and substance of a case, decisions are argued to be â€Å"sober second thoughts† (Bickel 26). Ultimately, the use of law within a judicial context by judges and lawyers is not an arbitrarily unfair process.Such legal actors are bound to the values of the laws within society. Such values are premised on the rule of law, the foundational concept of a democratic society. Cause litigants are often involved in social issues and advocate for those who require a formal delegate. These cause lawyers may use law in such a way to achieve a certain outcome, but this outcome results in change in public policy to those who are otherwise be unaware of their legal rights. Moreover, although judges may have their own social desires and political preferences, they cannot easily sway towards them.Their professional duty requires them to be consciously r ule-bound and rely on the precedent. Further, the basis of their decision is on neutral principles. Such principles are not vague and abstract, but stem from the precedent of previous judges in common law. Instrumentalism is pragmatic in that it recognizes that law is not a math; there is not a formula which judges rely on. However, social movements and changes through the judiciary ensures that fresh insight is continuously brought about within society, giving room for social change and progress.

Racism In The Bluest Eye Essay - 1730 Words

Racism In The Bluest Eyes The Bluest Eye tells a tragic story of a young girl named Pecola who desperately wishes for beautiful blue eyes. Pecola believes that the only way she will ever be beautiful is if she has blue eyes. This story takes place in the 1970’s, a time where African Americans were second class citizens in society. They were often exploited and dehumanized because of the way they looked, and this will leave a long lasting effect. Americans would often think that the only way to be beautiful is to have white characteristics like pale skin, blue eyes, and to be very feminine. Racism in the 1970 and in the setting of the Bluest Eye caused self hatred in the black community. The effects of self hatred and racism in the†¦show more content†¦Morrison wrote â€Å"His mother did not like him to play with the niggers. She had explained to him the difference between colored people and niggers. They were easily identifiable. The colored people were neat and quie t; niggers were dirty and loud†. When writing this quote Morrison pointed out that the problem with racism in society is also the hypocritical and racist views that some African Americans see each other. A young black boy messes with the a girl named Pecola and thinks of her as someone who is lower than in him in status because she is looked as a â€Å"dirty nigger† to other people in the black community, despite being the same race as them. This boy is taught seeing her that way because his mother and also because of the way society looked at black people. Morrison also wrote, â€Å"The line between colored and niggers was not always clear; subtle and telltale signs threatened to erode it, and the watch had to be constant† . In the story, there are different ways to extinguish the difference between the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"bad† black people. If you were someone from the black community and were â€Å"bad† you would have been labeled as a nigger. The only reason some people were labeled as bad was because they were poorer and didn’t have the same education as the others. They were living in an world where everything was a cycle. Whites would be racist towards the African American community, treat them like they are second class citizens and keep themShow MoreRelatedRacism in The Bluest Eye Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesRacism in The Bluest Eye There is really nothing more to say--except why. But since why is difficult to handle, one must take refuge in how. When bad things happen to us, the first thing we ask ourselves is why? Most of the time however, the answer to why is not readily available to us, and sometimes there is not an answer at all. Racism has been a concept which has existed from the beginning of human civilization. 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